Ahmad Umar Ahmad

Keywords: Vertical Handover; Fuzzy; Power Level; Bandwidth, Cost.

Abstract 

Nd₂O₃ activated borate-based glass series of molar composition of 20Li₂CO₃–5SrO–5ZnO–(70-x)B₂O₃–xNd₂O₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) was prepared via conventional melt quenching procedure. The prepared glass samples were characterized to evaluate the influence of Nd₂O₃ activation on their optical absorbance, ligand and crystal field parameter, as well as optical band gap energy. The XRD spectra of the glass samples depict a wide hump in the range of 15^o−38^o which infer their amorphous nature. The EDX analysis of the glasses detected the right traced elemental compositions. The spectra of the optical absorption of the glasses disclosed twelve unambiguous absorptions peaks with hypersensitive band at 17212 cm^-1. The bandgaps and Urbach energies of the glasses were found to be sensitive to the variation in Nd₂O₃ contents. The first three optical absorption bands near the UV edge were used to evaluate the ligand field parameters. The calculated Racah parameters (B and C) of the glasses indicated a reasonable change in the inter-electronic repulsion with the increase in Nd₂O₃ dopant concentrations. The alteration in the crystal field parameters (Dq and Dq/B) of glasses with Nd₂O₃ activation displayed a rise in the degree of covalency